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Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog -

Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog -

Medium- and heavy-duty trucks, motor coaches, and transit buses - collectively, "medium- and heavy-duty vehicles", or MHDVs - are used in every sector of the economy. The fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of MHDVs have become a focus of legislative and regulatory action in the past few years. Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase Two is a follow-on to the National Research Council's 2010 report, Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium-and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. That report provided a series of findings and recommendations on the development of regulations for reducing fuel consumption of MHDVs. This report comprises the first periodic, five-year follow-on to the 2010 report. Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase Two reviews NHTSA fuel consumption regulations and considers the technological, market and regulatory factors that may be of relevance to a revised and updated regulatory regime taking effect for model years 2019-2022. The report analyzes and provides options for improvements to the certification and compliance procedures for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles; reviews an updated analysis of the makeup and characterization of the medium- and heavy-duty truck fleet; examines the barriers to and the potential applications of natural gas in class 2b through class 8 vehicles; and addresses uncertainties and performs sensitivity analyses for the fuel consumption and cost/benefit estimates.

DKK 292.00
1

Reducing Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase Two - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog

Reducing Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase Two - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog

Medium- and heavy-duty trucks, motor coaches, and transit buses - collectively, "medium- and heavy-duty vehicles", or MHDVs - are used in every sector of the economy. The fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of MHDVs have become a focus of legislative and regulatory action in the past few years. This study is a follow-on to the National Research Council's 2010 report, Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium-and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. That report provided a series of findings and recommendations on the development of regulations for reducing fuel consumption of MHDVs. On September 15, 2011, NHTSA and EPA finalized joint Phase I rules to establish a comprehensive Heavy-Duty National Program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption for on-road medium- and heavy-duty vehicles. As NHTSA and EPA began working on a second round of standards, the National Academies issued another report, Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase Two: First Report, providing recommendations for the Phase II standards. This third and final report focuses on a possible third phase of regulations to be promulgated by these agencies in the next decade. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Setting the Stage: Regulatory Horizons, Challenges, and Influences3 Certification, Compliance, and Enforcement4 Powertrain Technologies5 Technologies for Reducing the Power Demand of MHDVs6 Projected Benefits of Technologies on Fuel Consumption7 Hybrid and Electric Powertrain Technologies8 Battery Technology for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Hybrid and Electric Vehicles9 Freight Operational Efficiency10 Intelligent Transportation Systems and Automation11 Manufacturing Considerations12 Costs and Benefits13 Alternative and Complementary Regulatory ApproachesAppendix A: Committee BiographiesAppendix B: Disclosure of Conflicts of InterestAppendix C: Committee ActivitiesAppendix D: Summary of Analysis of Engine and Vehicle CombinationsAppendix E: Description of Drive Cycles Used for ComplianceAppendix F: Summary of Committee's First Report: Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase Two: First ReportAppendix G: Acronyms and Abbreviations

DKK 708.00
1

Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies

Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies

Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles evaluates various technologies and methods that could improve the fuel economy of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, such as tractor-trailers, transit buses, and work trucks. The book also recommends approaches that federal agencies could use to regulate these vehicles' fuel consumption. Currently there are no fuel consumption standards for such vehicles, which account for about 26 percent of the transportation fuel used in the U.S. The miles-per-gallon measure used to regulate the fuel economy of passenger cars. is not appropriate for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, which are designed above all to carry loads efficiently. Instead, any regulation of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles should use a metric that reflects the efficiency with which a vehicle moves goods or passengers, such as gallons per ton-mile, a unit that reflects the amount of fuel a vehicle would use to carry a ton of goods one mile. This is called load-specific fuel consumption (LSFC). The book estimates the improvements that various technologies could achieve over the next decade in seven vehicle types. For example, using advanced diesel engines in tractor-trailers could lower their fuel consumption by up to 20 percent by 2020, and improved aerodynamics could yield an 11 percent reduction. Hybrid powertrains could lower the fuel consumption of vehicles that stop frequently, such as garbage trucks and transit buses, by as much 35 percent in the same time frame.

DKK 416.00
1

Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035 - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog - National

Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035 - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog - National

From daily commutes to cross-country road trips, millions of light-duty vehicles are on the road every day. The transportation sector is one of the United States' largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions, and fuel is an important cost for drivers. The period from 2025-2035 could bring the most fundamental transformation in the 100-plus year history of the automobile. Battery electric vehicle costs are likely to fall and reach parity with internal combustion engine vehicles. New generations of fuel cell vehicles will be produced. Connected and automated vehicle technologies will become more common, including likely deployment of some fully automated vehicles. These new categories of vehicles will for the first time assume a major portion of new vehicle sales, while internal combustion engine vehicles with improved powertrain, design, and aerodynamics will continue to be an important part of new vehicle sales and fuel economy improvement. This study is a technical evaluation of the potential for internal combustion engine, hybrid, battery electric, fuel cell, nonpowertrain, and connected and automated vehicle technologies to contribute to efficiency in 2025-2035. In addition to making findings and recommendations related to technology cost and capabilities, Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy - 2025-2035 considers the impacts of changes in consumer behavior and regulatory regimes. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Fuel Economy, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Vehicle Efficiency Background3 2025 Baseline of Vehicles4 Internal Combustion Engine-Based Powertrain Technologies5 Battery Electric Vehicles6 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles7 Non-Powertrain Technologies8 Connected and Automated Vehicles9 Autonomous Vehicles10 Energy and Emissions Impacts of Non-Petroleum Fuels in Light-Duty Vehicle Propulsion11 Consumer Acceptance and Market Response to Standards12 Regulatory Structure and Flexibilities13 Emergent Findings, Recommendations, and Future Policy Scenarios for Continued Reduction in Energy Use and Emissions of Light-Duty VehiclesAppendixesAppendix A: Committee Biographical InformationAppendix B: Disclosure of Conflicts of InterestAppendix C: Committee ActivitiesAppendix D: AcronymsAppendix E: Center for Automotive Research Commissioned Study

DKK 474.00
1

Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles - Division On Engineering And Physical Sciences - Bog -

Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles - Division On Engineering And Physical Sciences - Bog -

The light-duty vehicle fleet is expected to undergo substantial technological changes over the next several decades. New powertrain designs, alternative fuels, advanced materials and significant changes to the vehicle body are being driven by increasingly stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards. By the end of the next decade, cars and light-duty trucks will be more fuel efficient, weigh less, emit less air pollutants, have more safety features, and will be more expensive to purchase relative to current vehicles. Though the gasoline-powered spark ignition engine will continue to be the dominant powertrain configuration even through 2030, such vehicles will be equipped with advanced technologies, materials, electronics and controls, and aerodynamics. And by 2030, the deployment of alternative methods to propel and fuel vehicles and alternative modes of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, will be well underway. What are these new technologies - how will they work, and will some technologies be more effective than others?Written to inform The United States Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards, this new report from the National Research Council is a technical evaluation of costs, benefits, and implementation issues of fuel reduction technologies for next-generation light-duty vehicles. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles estimates the cost, potential efficiency improvements, and barriers to commercial deployment of technologies that might be employed from 2020 to 2030. This report describes these promising technologies and makes recommendations for their inclusion on the list of technologies applicable for the 2017-2025 CAFE standards. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Technologies for Reducing Fuel Consumption in Spark-Ignition Engines3 Technologies for Reducing Fuel Consumption in Compression-Ignition Diesel Engines4 Electrified Powertrains5 Transmissions6 Non-Powertrain Technologies7 Cost and Manufacturing Considerations for Meeting Fuel Economy Standards8 Estimates of Technology Costs and Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness9 Consumer Impacts and Acceptance Issues10 Overall Assessment of CAFE Program Methodology and DesignAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Committee BiographiesAppendix C: Presentations and Committee MeetingsAppendix D: Ideal Thermodynamic Cycles for Otto, Diesel, and Atkinson EnginesAppendix E: SI Engine Definitions and Efficiency FundamentalsAppendix F: Examples of Friction Reduction Opportunities for Main Engine ComponentsAppendix G: Friction Reduction in Downsized EnginesAppendix H: Variable Valve Timing SystemsAppendix I: Variable Valve Lift SystemsAppendix J: Reasons for Potential Differences from NHTSA Estimates for Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness of Turbocharged, Downsized EnginesAppendix K: DOE Research Projects on Turbocharged and Downsized EnginesAppendix L: Relationship between Power and PerformanceAppendix M: HCCI ProjectsAppendix N: Effect of Compression Ratio of Brake Thermal EfficiencyAppendix O: Variable Compression Ratio EnginesAppendix P: Fuel Consumption Impact of Tier 3 Emission StandardsAppendix Q: Examples of EPA's Standards for GasolineAppendix R: Impact of Low Carbon Fuels to Achieve Reductions in GHG Emissions (California LCFS 2007 Alternative Fuels and Cleaner Fossil Fuels CNG, LPG)Appendix S: NHTSA's Estimated Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness of Technologies and Estimated Costs of TechnologiesAppendix T: Derivation of Turbocharged, Downsized Engine Direct Manufacturing CostsAppendix U: SI Engine Pathway NHTSA Estimates Direct Manufacturing Costs and Total CostsAppendix V: SI Engine Pathway NRC Estimates Direct Manufacturing Costs Alternative Pathway, Alternative High CR with Exhaust Scavenging, and Alternative EVAS SuperchargerAppendix W: Technologies, Footprints, and Fuel Economy for Example Passenger Cars, Trucks, and Hybrid Passenger CarsAppendix X: Full System Simulation Modeling of Fuel Consumption ReductionsAppendix Y: Acronym List

DKK 708.00
1

Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Various combinations of commercially available technologies could greatly reduce fuel consumption in passenger cars, sport-utility vehicles, minivans, and other light-duty vehicles without compromising vehicle performance or safety. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy estimates the potential fuel savings and costs to consumers of available technology combinations for three types of engines: spark-ignition gasoline, compression-ignition diesel, and hybrid. According to its estimates, adopting the full combination of improved technologies in medium and large cars and pickup trucks with spark-ignition engines could reduce fuel consumption by 29 percent at an additional cost of $2,200 to the consumer. Replacing spark-ignition engines with diesel engines and components would yield fuel savings of about 37 percent at an added cost of approximately $5,900 per vehicle, and replacing spark-ignition engines with hybrid engines and components would reduce fuel consumption by 43 percent at an increase of $6,000 per vehicle. The book focuses on fuel consumption—the amount of fuel consumed in a given driving distance—because energy savings are directly related to the amount of fuel used. In contrast, fuel economy measures how far a vehicle will travel with a gallon of fuel. Because fuel consumption data indicate money saved on fuel purchases and reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, the book finds that vehicle stickers should provide consumers with fuel consumption data in addition to fuel economy information. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Fundamentals of Fuel Consumption3 Cost Estimation4 Spark-Ignition Gasoline Engines5 Compression-Ignition Diesel Engines6 Hybrid Power Trains7 Non-Engine Technologies8 Modeling Improvements in Vehicle Fuel Consumption9 Application of Vehicle Technologies to Vehicle ClassesAppendixesAppendix A: Committee BiographiesAppendix B: Statement of TaskAppendix C: List of Presentations at Public Committee MeetingsAppendix D: Select AcronymsAppendix E: Comparison of Fuel Consumption and Fuel EconomyAppendix F: Review of Estimate of Retail Price Equivalent Markup FactorsAppendix G: Compression-Ignition Engine Replacement for Full-Size Pickup/SUVAppendix H:Other NRC Assessments of Benefits, Costs, and Readiness of Fuel Economy TechnologiesAppendix I: Results of Other Major StudiesAppendix J: Probabilities in Estimation of Fuel Consumption Benefits and CostsAppendix K: Model Description and Results for the EEA-ICF Model

DKK 370.00
1

Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership, Second Report - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership, Second Report - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In July 2010, the National Research Council (NRC) appointed the Committee to Review the 21st Century Truck Partnership, Phase 2, to conduct an independent review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership (21CTP). The 21CTP is a cooperative research and development (R&D) partnership including four federal agencies-the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-and 15 industrial partners. The purpose of this Partnership is to reduce fuel consumption and emissions, increase heavy-duty vehicle safety, and support research, development, and demonstration to initiate commercially viable products and systems. This is the NRC's second report on the topic and it includes the committee's review of the Partnership as a whole, its major areas of focus, 21CTP's management and priority setting, efficient operations, and the new SuperTruck program.

DKK 318.00
1

Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The 21st Century Truck Partnership (21CTP) works to reduce fuel consumption and emissions, increase heavy-duty vehicle safety, and support research, development, and demonstration to initiate commercially viable products and systems. This report is the third in a series of three by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine that have reviewed the research and development initiatives carried out by the 21CTP. Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership, Third Report builds on the Phase 1 and 2 reviews and reports, and also comments on changes and progress since the Phase 2 report was issued in 2012. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction and Background2 Management Strategy and Priority Setting3 Engine Systems, Aftertreatment, Fuels, Lubricants, and Materials4 Hybrid Vehicles5 Vehicle Power Demands6 Engine Idle Reduction7 Safety8 SuperTruck Program9 Efficient OperationsAppendixesAppendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix B: Committee Meetings and PresentationsAppendix C: 21CTP Responses to Findings and Recommendations from NRC Phase 2 ReportAppendix D: 21CTP Project Inventory and Summary of 21CTP GoalsAppendix E: Acronyms

DKK 396.00
1

State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions - Committee On State Practices In Setting Mobile Source Emissions Standards - Bog - National

State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions - Committee On State Practices In Setting Mobile Source Emissions Standards - Bog - National

Emissions from mobile sources contribute significantly to air pollution in the United States. Such sources include cars and light- and heavy-duty trucks; diesel-powered cranes, bulldozers, and tractors; and equipment such as lawnmowers that run on small gasoline engines. The role of state versus federal government in establishing mobile-source emissions standards is an important environmental management issue. With this in mind, Congress called on EPA to arrange an independent study of the practices and procedures by which California develops separate emissions standards from the federal government and other states choose to adopt the California standards. The report provides an assessment of the scientific and technical procedures used by states to develop or adopt different emissions standards and a comparison of those policies and practices with those used by EPA. It also considers the impacts of state emissions standards on various factors including compliance costs and emissions. The report concludes that, despite the substantial progress in reducing emissions from mobile sources nationwide, more needs to be done to attain federal air-quality standards in many parts of the country. Additionally, California should continue its pioneering role in setting emissions standards for cars, trucks, and off-road equipment. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Air Quality, Emissions, and Health Impacts Overview3 Regulation of Emissions from New Mobile Sources4 Co-evolution of Technology and Emissions Standards5 Assessment of Different Approaches to Setting Mobile-Source Standards6 Light-Duty-Vehicle Emissions Standards7 Other Case Studies8 RecommendationsReferencesGlossaryAbbreviationsAppendix A Biographical Information on the Committee on State Practices in Setting Mobile Source Emissions StandardsAppendix B Acronyms and Names Used for Classifying Organic CompoundsAppendix C Summary of Milestones in CARB Mobile Source Emissions Regulations and Comparison with EPAAppendix D Statutory Sections Relevant to the Regulation of New Mobile Source EmissionsAppendix E Public Workshop Presentations

DKK 740.00
1

Spills of Nonfloating Oils - Marine Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Spills of Nonfloating Oils - Marine Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 1996, the United States Coast Guard (USCG) was directed to assess the risk of spills for oils that may sink or be negatively buoyant, to examine and evaluate existing cleanup technologies, and to identify and appraise technological and financial barriers that could impede a prompt response to such spills. The USCG requested that the National Research Council (NRC) perform these tasks. In response to this request, the NRC established the Committee on the Marine Transportation of Heavy Oils. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1 Transportation of Heavy Oils and the Risk of Spills2 Behavioral Models and the Resources at Risk3 Technologies and Techniques4 Barriers to Effective Response5 Findings, Conclusions, and RecommendationsReferencesAppendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix B: Participants in the Workshop and Meetings

DKK 240.00
1

Resident Duty Hours - Committee On Optimizing Graduate Medical Trainee Hours And Work Schedules To Improve Patient Safet - Bog - National Academies

Resident Duty Hours - Committee On Optimizing Graduate Medical Trainee Hours And Work Schedules To Improve Patient Safet - Bog - National Academies

Examines how the requirements to restrict resident workweeks, including limits to an average of 80 hours over 4 weeks and the consecutive period of work to 30 hours to protect patients and residents from unsafe conditions resulting from excessive fatigue were implemented and their impact on safety, education, and the training institutions.

DKK 422.00
1

The Effects of Commuting on Pilot Fatigue - Committee On The Effects Of Commuting On Pilot Fatigue - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Effects of Commuting on Pilot Fatigue - Committee On The Effects Of Commuting On Pilot Fatigue - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Nearly everyone experiences fatigue, but some professions—such as aviation, medicine and the military—demand alert, precise, rapid, and well-informed decision making and communication with little margin for error. The potential for fatigue to negatively affect human performance is well established. Concern about this potential in the aviation context extends back decades, with both airlines and pilots agreeing that fatigue is a safety concern. A more recent consideration is whether and how pilot commuting, conducted in a pilot's off-duty time, may affect fatigue during flight duty. In summer 2010 the U.S. Congress directed the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to update the federal regulations that govern pilot flight and duty time, taking into account recent research related to sleep and fatigue. As part of their directive, Congress also instructed FAA to have the National Academy of Sciences conduct a study on the effects of commuting on pilot fatigue. The Effects of Commuting on Pilot Fatigue reviews research and other information related to the prevalence and characteristics of commuting; to the science of sleep, fatigue, and circadian rhythms; to airline and regulatory oversight policies; and to pilot and airline practices. The Effects of Commuting on Pilot Fatigue discusses the policy, economic, and regulatory issues that affect pilot commuting, and outlines potential next steps, including recommendations for regulatory or administrative actions, or further research by the FAA. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 The U.S. Airline Industry and Pilot Commuting3 Aviation Safety and Pilot Commuting4 Sleep, Wakefulness, Circadian Rhythms, and Fatigue5 Pilot Commuting and Fatigue Risk6 Reducing the Risk of Fatigue from CommutingBibliography and ReferencesAcronymsGlossaryAppendix A: Airlines, Associations, and Groups That Provided Written InputAppendix B: Public Meeting AgendasAppendix C: Summary of Stakeholder Response to Committee Request for InputAppendix D: Qualitative Analysis of Selected Public Comments to Proposed FAA RulesAppendix E: Mainline Airlines Departures by CityAppendix F: Regional Airlines Departures by CityAppendix G: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff

DKK 318.00
1

Reducing the Logistics Burden for the Army After Next - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Reducing the Logistics Burden for the Army After Next - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

This study assesses the potential of new technology to reduce logistics support requirements for future Army combat systems. It describes and recommends areas of research and technology development in which the Army should invest now to field systems that will reduce logistics burdens and provide desired capabilities for an "Army After Next (AAN) battle force" in 2025. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1 Introduction2 Military Logistics and the Army After Next Requirements3 Logistics Trade-Off Analysis4 Fuel and Energy5 Operational and Tactical Mobility6 Engagement7 Reliability Concepts8 Soldier Sustainment9 Joint Force Research and Development10 Investment Strategy for Research and Technology Development11 Conclusions and RecommendationsReferencesAppendicesA Statement of TaskB Meetings and ActivitiesC Technologies for Materials Selection and DesignD Materials Options for Fuel Efficiency and ProtectionE Duty Cycles and Fuel Economy of Hybrid VehiclesF Situational Awareness

DKK 520.00
1

Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report follows on four previous reviews of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership, which was the predecessor of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership. The U.S. DRIVE (Driving Research and Innovation for Vehicle Efficiency and Energy Sustainability) vision, according to the charter of the Partnership, is this: American consumers have a broad range of affordable personal transportation choices that reduce petroleum consumption and significantly reduce harmful emissions from the transportation sector. Its mission is as follows: accelerate the development of pre-competitive and innovative technologies to enable a full range of efficient and clean advanced light-duty vehicles (LDVs), as well as related energy infrastructure. The Partnership focuses on precompetitive research and development (R&D) that can help to accelerate the emergence of advanced technologies to be commercialization-feasible. The guidance for the work of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership as well as the priority setting and targets for needed research are provided by joint industry/government technical teams. This structure has been demonstrated to be an effective means of identifying high-priority, long-term precompetitive research needs for each technology with which the Partnership is involved. Technical areas in which research and development as well as technology validation programs have been pursued include the following: internal combustion engines (ICEs) potentially operating on conventional and various alternative fuels, automotive fuel cell power systems, hydrogen storage systems (especially onboard vehicles), batteries and other forms of electrochemical energy storage, electric propulsion systems, hydrogen production and delivery, and materials leading to vehicle weight reductions. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Management, Strategy, and Priority Setting3 Light-Duty Vehicle Technologies and Fuels4 Overall AssessmentApppendixesAppendix A: Biographic Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix B: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Organization Chart (as of September 2016)Appendix C: Meetings and PresentationsAppendix D: Acronyms

DKK 416.00
1

Issues in Commuting and Pilot Fatigue - Committee On The Effects Of Commuting On Pilot Fatigue - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Issues in Commuting and Pilot Fatigue - Committee On The Effects Of Commuting On Pilot Fatigue - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The potential for fatigue to negatively affect human performance is well established. Concern about this potential in the aviation context extends back decades, with both airlines and pilots agreeing that fatigue is a safety concern. A more recent consideration is whether and how pilot commuting, conducted in a pilot's off-duty time, may affect fatigue. The National Academy of Sciences was asked to review available information related to the prevalence and characteristics of pilot commuting; sleep, fatigue, and circadian rhythms; airline and regulatory oversight policies; and pilot and airline practices. This interim report summarizes the committee's review to date of the available information. The final report will present a final review, along with the committee's conclusions and recommendations based on the information available during its deliberations. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive SummaryInterim ReportReferencesAppendix A Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and StaffAppendix B Public Meeting Agendas

DKK 169.00
1

Deployment of Deep Decarbonization Technologies - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Deployment of Deep Decarbonization Technologies - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

While progress has been made in the development of decarbonization technologies, much work remains in scale-up and deployment. For decarbonization technologies to reach meaningful scale, real-world constraints, societal, economic, and political, must be considered. To identify the primary challenges and opportunities to deploying decarbonization technologies at scale across major sectors of the U.S. economy, the Board on Energy and Environmental Systems of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on July 22-23, 2019. In addition to technology-specific and sector-specific studies, the workshop considered the types of societal transformations required, as well as potential policy drivers for carbon dioxide emissions reductions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction to the Workshop2 Modeling Results to Meet Climate Goals3 Low Carbon Electricity Generation4 Corporate Value Chain Decarbonization5 Heavy Industry Decarbonization6 Low Carbon Vehicles7 The Role of Carbon Dioxide Removal in Deep Decarbonization8 Societal Transformation Pathways9 Policy DriversAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Workshop AgendaAppendix C: Biographies of Planning Committee MembersAppendix D: Workshop Registrants

DKK 318.00
1

Navigating an Electric Vehicle Future - Division On Engineering And Physical Sciences - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Navigating an Electric Vehicle Future - Division On Engineering And Physical Sciences - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The widespread adoption of electric vehicles will play a critical role in decarbonizing the transportation sector as the nation moves toward net-zero emissions. Recent announcements from automakers and the federal government, as well as provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021, aim to stimulate electric vehicle (EV) deployment, and ongoing technology improvements continue to make EVs a more affordable and practical option. However, many challenges remain to meet the needs of all buyers and drivers and to ensure that manufacturing supply chains and the electric system can support this large-scale transformation. As a follow-up activity to its 2021 report Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy - 2025-2035, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 4-day virtual workshop on October 25-28, 2021, to identify some of the challenges to widespread EV deployment and discuss policy, technical, and market strategies to help federal agencies and other stakeholders plan for the future. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary of Workshop PresentationsAppendixesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Biographies of Planning Committee MembersAppendix C: Biographies of Workshop SpeakersAppendix D: Workshop RegistrantsAppendix E: Acronyms and Abbreviations

DKK 195.00
1

Gulf War and Health - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Gulf War and Health - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

For the United States, the 1991 Persian Gulf War was a brief and successful military operation with few injuries and deaths. However, soon after returning from duty, a large number of veterans began reporting health problems they believed were associated with their service in the Gulf. At the request of Congress, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) has been conducting an ongoing review of the evidence to determine veterans' long-term health problems and potential causes. The fourth volume in the series, released in 2006, summarizes the long-term health problems seen in Gulf War veterans. In 2010, the IOM released an update that focuses on existing health problems and identifies possible new ones, considering evidence collected since the initial summary. Gulf War and Health: Volume 10 is an update of the scientific and medical literature on the health effects associated with deployment to the Gulf War that were identified in Volumes 4 and 8. This report reviews and evaluates the associations between illness and exposure to toxic agents, environmental or wartime hazards, or preventive measures and vaccines associated with Gulf War service, and provides recommendations for future research efforts on Gulf War veterans. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Considerations in Identifying and Evaluating the Literature3 Human Cohort Studies and Their Derivatives4 Evaluation of Health Conditions5 Animal Studies6 Findings and Recommendations7 ReferencesAppendix: Committee Biographies

DKK 416.00
1

Gulf War and Health - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Gulf War and Health - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

For the United States, the 1991 Persian Gulf War was a brief and successful military operation with few injuries and deaths. However, soon after returning from duty, a large number of veterans began reporting health problems they believed were associated with their service in the Gulf. At the request of Congress, the IOM is conducting an ongoing review of the evidence to determine veterans' long-term health problems and what might be causing those problems. The fourth volume in the series, released in 2006, summarizes the long-term health problems seen in Gulf War veterans. In 2008, the IOM began an update to look at existing health problems and identify possible new ones, considering evidence collected since the initial summary. In this report, the IOM determines that Gulf War service causes post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and that service is associated with multisymptom illness; gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome; alcohol and other substance abuse; and anxiety disorders and other psychiatric disorders. To ensure that our veterans receive the best possible care, now and in the future, the government should continue to monitor their health and conduct research to identify the best treatments to assist Gulf War veterans still suffering from persistent, unexplained illnesses. Table of ContentsFront MatterSUMMARY1 INTRODUCTION2 CONSIDERATIONS IN IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING THE LITERATURE3 MAJOR COHORT STUDIES4 HEALTH OUTCOMES5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSAPPENDIX A CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS AND MULITSYMPTOM ILLNESSESAPPENDIX B COMMITTEE BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHESINDEX

DKK 422.00
1

Understanding and Overcoming the Challenge of Obesity and Overweight in the Armed Forces - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies

Understanding and Overcoming the Challenge of Obesity and Overweight in the Armed Forces - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies

Obesity and overweight pose significant challenges to the armed forces in the United States, affecting service members (including active duty, guard, and reserve components), veterans, retirees, and their families and communities. The consequences of obesity and overweight in the armed forces influence various aspects of its operations that are critical to national security. On May 7, 2018, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, held a workshop titled "Understanding and Overcoming the Challenge of Obesity and Overweight in the Armed Forces." Speakers examined how obesity and overweight are measured in the armed forces and how they affect recruitment, retention, resilience, and readiness; discussed service-specific issues related to these problems and highlighted innovative strategies to address them through improved nutrition, physical activity, and stress management; and offered perspectives from outside of the armed forces on approaches to prevent and treat obesity. They also discussed the challenges and opportunities related to overcoming the concerns posed by obesity and overweight in the armed forces, military families, and their communities, including potential cross-sector opportunities. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Defining the Problem and Its Effects on Recruitment, Retention, Resilience, and Readiness3 Service-Specific Issues Related to Obesity and Overweight4 Exploring Innovative Strategies5 Perspectives from Outside the Armed Forces6 Potential Future Opportunities for the Armed Forces, Military Families, and Their CommunitiesReferencesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Acronyms and AbbreviationsAppendix C: Innovative Strategies: AbstractsAppendix D: Speaker and Facilitator Biographies

DKK 370.00
1

Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue, Long-Term Health, and Highway Safety - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog -

Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue, Long-Term Health, and Highway Safety - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog -

There are approximately 4,000 fatalities in crashes involving trucks and buses in the United States each year. Though estimates are wide-ranging, possibly 10 to 20 percent of these crashes might have involved fatigued drivers. The stresses associated with their particular jobs (irregular schedules, etc.) and the lifestyle that many truck and bus drivers lead, puts them at substantial risk for insufficient sleep and for developing short- and long-term health problems. Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue, Long-Term Health and Highway Safety assesses the state of knowledge about the relationship of such factors as hours of driving, hours on duty, and periods of rest to the fatigue experienced by truck and bus drivers while driving and the implications for the safe operation of their vehicles. This report evaluates the relationship of these factors to drivers' health over the longer term, and identifies improvements in data and research methods that can lead to better understanding in both areas. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 IntroductionPART I: BACKGROUND2 The Trucking and Bus Industries3 Consequences of Fatigue from Insufficient Sleep4 Hours-of-Service RegulationsPART II: CURRENT RESEARCH DATA AND METHODS5 Data Sources6 Research Methodology and Principles: Assessing CausalityPART III: CURRENT RESEARCH FINDINGS7 Fatigue, Hours of Service, and Highway Safety8 Fatigue and Health and Wellness9 Technological Countermeasures for and Corporate Management of FatiguePART IV: RESEARCH DIRECTIONS10 Research Directions for Fatigue and Highway Safety11 Research Directions for Studying the Impact of Fatigue on Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers' Health and WellnessGlossaryReferencesAppendix: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and StaffCommittee on National Statistics

DKK 370.00
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Gulf War and Health - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Gulf War and Health - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

For the United States, the 1991 Persian Gulf War was a brief and successful military operation with few injuries and deaths. However, soon after returning from duty, a large number of veterans began reporting health problems they believed were associated with their service in the Gulf. At the request of Congress, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine has been conducting an ongoing review of the evidence to determine veterans' long-term health problems and potential causes. Some of the health effects identified by past reports include post-traumatic stress disorders, other mental health disorders, Gulf War illness, respiratory effects, and self-reported sexual dysfunction. Veterans' concerns regarding the impacts of deployment-related exposures on their health have grown to include potential adverse effects on the health of their children and grandchildren. These concerns now increasingly involve female veterans, as more women join the military and are deployed to war zones and areas that pose potential hazards. Gulf War and Health: Volume 11 evaluates the scientific and medical literature on reproductive and developmental effects and health outcomes associated with Gulf War and Post-9/11 exposures, and designates research areas requiring further scientific study on potential health effects in the descendants of veterans of any era. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Committee's Approach3 Introduction to the Study of Generational Effects4 Deployment-Related Exposures5 Pesticides6 Combustion Products and Fuels7 Solvents8 Outcomes Toward Heritable Effects9 Health Monitoring and Research Programs10 Pathophysiologic Research11 Moving ForwardAppendix A: Committee Biographical SketchesAppendix B: Glossary

DKK 526.00
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Framing the Challenge of Urban Flooding in the United States - Resilience Program On Risk - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Framing the Challenge of Urban Flooding in the United States - Resilience Program On Risk - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Flooding is the natural hazard with the greatest economic and social impact in the United States, and these impacts are becoming more severe over time. Catastrophic flooding from recent hurricanes, including Superstorm Sandy in New York (2012) and Hurricane Harvey in Houston (2017), caused billions of dollars in property damage, adversely affected millions of people, and damaged the economic well-being of major metropolitan areas. Flooding takes a heavy toll even in years without a named storm or event. Major freshwater flood events from 2004 to 2014 cost an average of $9 billion in direct damage and 71 lives annually. These figures do not include the cumulative costs of frequent, small floods, which can be similar to those of infrequent extreme floods. Framing the Challenge of Urban Flooding in the United States contributes to existing knowledge by examining real-world examples in specific metropolitan areas. This report identifies commonalities and variances among the case study metropolitan areas in terms of causes, adverse impacts, unexpected problems in recovery, or effective mitigation strategies, as well as key themes of urban flooding. It also relates, as appropriate, causes and actions of urban flooding to existing federal resources or policies. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Insights from Four Metropolitan Areas3 Magnitude of Urban Flooding4 A Way Forward on Urban FloodingReferencesAppendix A: Trends Affecting Urban FloodingAppendix B: Baltimore Case StudyAppendix C: Houston Case StudyAppendix D: Chicago Case StudyAppendix E: Phoenix Case StudyAppendix F: Acronyms and Abbreviations

DKK 364.00
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