113 resultater (0,29025 sekunder)

Vis alle filtre

Mærke

Butik

Pris (EUR)

Nulstil filter

Produkter
Fra
Butikker

Examining the State of the Science of Mammalian Embryo Model Systems - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Examining the State of the Science of Mammalian Embryo Model Systems - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Because of the recent advances in embryo modeling techniques, and at the request of the Office of Science Policy in the Office of the Director at the National Institutes of Health, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, hosted a 1-day public workshop that would explore the state of the science of mammalian embryo model systems. The workshop, which took place on January 17, 2020, featured a combination of presentations, panels, and general discussions, during which panelists and participants offered a broad range of perspectives. Participants considered whether embryo model systems - especially those that use nonhuman primate cells - can be used to predict the function of systems made with human cells. Presentations provided an overview of the current state of the science of in vitro development of human trophoblast. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction and Overview2 Mammalian Embryo Research and Pluripotent Stem Cells3 Examining the Development of Extraembryonic Lineages4 Stem CellBased Models of Human Embryos5 Comparative Embryonic Development Across Species6 Exploring Opportunities and Challenges with Mammalian Embryo Model SystemsReferencesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Speaker Biographical SketchesAppendix C: Statement of TaskAppendix D: Registered Attendees

DKK 370.00
1

Technical Evaluation of the NASA Model for Cancer Risk to Astronauts Due to Space Radiation - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies

Technical Evaluation of the NASA Model for Cancer Risk to Astronauts Due to Space Radiation - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies

NASA's current missions to the International Space Station (ISS) and potential future exploration missions involving extended stays by astronauts on the lunar surface, as well as the possibility of near- Earth object (NEO) or Mars missions, present challenges in protecting astronauts from radiation risks. These risks arise from a number of sources, including solar particle events (SPEs), galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), secondary radiation from surface impacts, and even the nuclear isotope power sources transported with the astronauts. The serious early and late radiation health effects potentially posed by these exposures are equally varied, ranging from early signs of radiation sickness to cancer induction. Other possible effects include central nervous system damage, cataracts, cardiovascular damage, heritable effects, impaired wound healing, and infertility. Recent research, much of which has been sponsored by NASA, has focused on understanding and quantifying the radiation health risks posed by space radiation environments. Although many aspects of the space radiation environments are now relatively well characterized, important uncertainties still exist regarding biological effects and thus regarding the level and types of risks faced by astronauts. This report presents an evaluation of NASA's proposed space radiation cancer risk assessment model, which is described in the 2011 NASA report, Space Radiation Cancer Risk Projections and Uncertainties—2010. The evaluation in Technical Evaluation of the NASA Model for Cancer Risk to Astronauts Due to Space Radiation considers the model components, input data (for the radiation types, estimated doses, and epidemiology), and the associated uncertainties. This report also identifies gaps in NASA's current research strategy for reducing the uncertainties in cancer induction risks. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Review of NASA ModelAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Committee and Staff Biographical InformationAppendix C: Glossary and Acronyms

DKK 247.00
1

Animal Welfare Challenges in Research and Education on Wildlife, Non-Model Animal Species and Biodiversity - Institute For Laboratory Animal Research

Animal Welfare Challenges in Research and Education on Wildlife, Non-Model Animal Species and Biodiversity - Institute For Laboratory Animal Research

Research to advance understanding of the ecology and biology of wildlife species is more important than ever as the world confronts issues ranging from biodiversity loss to the emergence of zoonotic diseases. However, the current understanding of animal welfare in research and education has been based on laboratory work with specific domesticated species. Wildlife research represents a starkly different context and with different implications for animal welfare. Wild species that are the subject of research have extremely diverse physiologies and behaviors and live in diverse habitats. This makes it challenging and sometimes impossible for wildlife researchers to follow the recommendations outlined in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NRC 2011) and other guidelines developed for a laboratory-based, biomedically focused research context. To explore issues associated with the unique welfare considerations of wildlife research, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (under the auspices of the Roundtable on Science and Animal Welfare in Laboratory Animal Use), hosted a workshop titled Discussing and Understanding Animal Welfare Challenges in Research and Education on Wildlife, Non-Model Animal Species, and Biodiversity on February 9-10, 2022. The event, held virtually, included pre-recorded presentations and overarching discussions to explore this topic in breadth and depth. More than 1,800 participants from academia, industry, government, and nonprofit organizations joined the webcast. This proceedings summarizes key topics covered in the workshop presentations and discussions based on transcripts, recordings, and slides from the event. Table of ContentsFront MatterIntroductionWorkshop Opening RemarksSession One: Perspectives on Animal Welfare Considerations Between Laboratory Animal and Free-Ranging Fish and Wildlife Field ResearchSession Two (Part 1): Review of the Laws, Regulations, and Permits Associated with Fish and WildlifeSession Two (Part 2): Case Studies and ExamplesSession Three: Wild Animal Population ConcernsDay One Synthesis SessionSession Four: Restraint and Handling of Animals in the Field to Include the Use of Compounds for Capture and HandlingSession Five: Role of Veterinary Medicine in Wildlife ResearchSession Six: Pain and Distress, Euthanasia, Humane Killing, and Lethal TakeSession Seven: Transition of Wild Animals to Captive Settings and Housing ChallengesSession Eight: Available Take-Home ResourcesDay Two Synthesis SessionReferencesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Workshop AgendaAppendix C: Workshop Speaker BiosketchesAppendix D: Workshop Planning Committee BiosketchesAppendix E: Workshop Synthesis Session Moderator Biosketches

DKK 208.00
1

Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) model is a computer model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for estimating emissions from on-road motor vehicles. MOBILE is used in air-quality planning and regulation for estimating emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and for predicting the effects of emissions-reduction programs.1 Because of its important role in air-quality management, the accuracy of MOBILE is critical. Possible consequences of inaccurately characterizing motor-vehicle emissions include the implementation of insufficient controls that endanger the environment and public health or the implementation of ineffective policies that impose excessive control costs. Billions of dollars per year in transportation funding are linked to air-quality attainment plans, which rely on estimates of mobile-source emissions. Transportation infrastructure decisions are also affected by emissions estimates from MOBILE. In response to a request from Congress, the National Research Council established the Committee to Review EPA's Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model in October 1998. The committee was charged to evaluate MOBILE and to develop recommendations for improving the model.

DKK 448.00
1

The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National

The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National

A fundamental challenge in past studies evaluating whether health problems experienced by Vietnam veterans might be linked to wartime use of Agent Orange or other herbicides has been a lack of information about the veterans' level of exposure to these herbicides. To address that problem, researchers developed a model to assess the opportunity for herbicide exposure among these veterans. The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans presents the conclusions and recommendations of an Institute of Medicine committee (IOM) that was convened to provide guidance to the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) about the best use of a model to characterize exposure to the troops based on their proximity to herbicide spraying in Vietnam. This book's assessment is guided by four primary considerations: to be clear about what the assessment model does and does not claim to do; to gain understanding of the strengths and limitations of data on herbicide spraying, troop locations, and health outcomes; to consider whether the model locates spraying and troops accurately to consider the potential contributions and pitfalls of using it in epidemiologic studies. Of particular interest in these deliberations were the degree to which exposure classification might be improved if the model were to be used, and the appropriate interpretation of the results of any such studies. In light of the questions that remain concerning herbicide exposure and health among Vietnam veterans and the array of evidence that has thus far been brought to bear on that issue, The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans concludes that the application of this model offers a constructive approach to extending knowledge about the effects of herbicides on the health of these veterans and merits the initial steps recommended in our report.

DKK 221.00
1

Review of the Department of Defense Biokinetic Modeling Approach in Support of Establishing an Airborne Lead Exposure Limit - Board On Environmental

Review of the Department of Defense Biokinetic Modeling Approach in Support of Establishing an Airborne Lead Exposure Limit - Board On Environmental

Biokinetic modeling provides a mathematical technique for estimating absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of chemicals, including particles and metals, in humans. Such models can be used to relate the amount of lead external exposure to the amount of lead found in the blood and other tissues at different points in time. At the request of the Department of Defense (DoD), Review of the Department of Defense Biokinetic Modeling Approach in Support of Establishing an Airborne Lead Exposure Limit evaluates whether the model used by DoD to derive airborne lead concentrations from blood lead levels is appropriate. This report also considers whether DoD's modifications to the model are appropriately justified, and whether the assumptions in and inputs to the model are reasonable. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Committee's Approach to Its Task3 Committee's Review of the DoD-O'Flaherty ModelReferencesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Committee Member Biosketches

DKK 240.00
1

Advancing Land Change Modeling - Committee On Needs And Research Requirements For Land Change Modeling - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Advancing Land Change Modeling - Committee On Needs And Research Requirements For Land Change Modeling - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

A report that provides a summary and evaluation of several modeling approaches, and their theoretical and empirical underpinnings, relative to complex land-change dynamics and processes, and identifies several opportunities for further advancing the science, data, and cyberinfrastructure involved in the land-change model (LCM) enterprise.

DKK 279.00
1

Children's Mental Health and the Life Course Model: A Virtual Workshop Series - Affective Forum For Children's Well Being: Promoting Cognitive - Bog -

Children's Mental Health and the Life Course Model: A Virtual Workshop Series - Affective Forum For Children's Well Being: Promoting Cognitive - Bog -

With rapidly rising rates of mental health disorders, changing patterns of occurrence, and increasing levels of morbidity, the need for a better understanding of the developmental origins and influence of mental health on children's behavioral health outcomes has become critical. This need for better understanding extends to both the growing prevalence of mental health disorders as well as the role and impact of neurodevelopmental pathways in their onset and expression. Addressing these changes in disease patterns and effects on children and families will require a multifaceted approach that goes beyond simply making changes to clinical care or adding personnel to the health services system. New policies, financing, and implementation can put established best practices and numerous research findings from around the country into action. The Maternal and Child Health Life Course Intervention Research Network and the Forum for Children's Well-Being at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine jointly organized a webinar series to explore how mental health disorders develop over the life course, with a special emphasis on prenatal, early, middle, and later childhood development. This series centered on identifying gaps in our knowledge, exploring possible new strategies for using existing data to enhance understanding of the developmental origins of mental disorders, reviewing potential approaches to prevention and optimization, and proposing new ways of framing how to understand, address, and prevent these disorders from a life course development perspective. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the series. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Overview and Trends in Children's Mental Health3 Developmental Origins of Children's Mental Health Disorders4 New Ways of Thinking about Children's Mental Health5 Policy Responses to Support Children's Mental Health6 Transforming Children's Health Care to Improve Lifelong Behavioral HealthReferencesAppendix A: Schedule of WebinarsAppendix B: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Presenters and Planning Committee Members

DKK 399.00
1

Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research - Committee On The State Of The Science And Future Needs For Nonhuman Primate Model Systems - Bog -

Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research - Committee On The State Of The Science And Future Needs For Nonhuman Primate Model Systems - Bog -

Nonhuman primates represent a small fraction of animals used in biomedical research, but they remain important research models due to their similarities to humans with respect to genetic makeup, anatomy, physiology, and behavior. Limitations in the availability of nonhuman primates have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and recent restrictions on their exportation and transportation, impacting National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded research necessary for both public health and national security. Additionally, there is continued interest in understanding whether and how nonanimal models can be used to answer scientific questions for which nonhuman primates are currently used. At the direction of the U.S. Congress, NIH asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene an expert committee to conduct a landscape analysis of current and future use of nonhuman primates in NIH-supported biomedical research, as well as opportunities for new approach methodologies to complement or reduce reliance on nonhuman primate models. This report provides the committee findings and conclusions. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Contribution of Nonhuman Primate Models to Advances in Human Health3 Current Landscape of Use and Availability of Nonhuman Primates for NIH-Supported Biomedical Research4 The Landscape of New Approach Methodologies5 Future Needs and Opportunities for Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical ResearchAppendix A: Study Approach and MethodsAppendix B: Data on Nonhuman Primate Use in NIH-Supported Biomedical ResearchAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and StaffAppendix D: Disclosure of Unavoidable Conflicts of Interest

DKK 351.00
1

Modernizing Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimation - Water Science And Technology Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Modernizing Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimation - Water Science And Technology Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

For more than 75 years, high-hazard structures in the U.S., including dams and nuclear power plants, have been engineered to withstand floods resulting from the most unlikely but possible precipitation, termed Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP). Failure of any one of the more than 16,000 high-hazard dams and 50 nuclear power plants in the United States could result in the loss of life and impose significant economic losses and widespread environmental damage, especially under the pressures of climate change. While PMP estimates have provided useful guidance for designing critical infrastructure, weaknesses in the scientific foundations of PMP, combined with advances in understanding, observing, and modeling extreme storms, call for fundamental changes to the definition of PMP and the methods used to estimate it. Modernizing Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimation recommends a new definition of PMP and presents a vision for a methodology relevant for design, operation, and regulation of critical infrastructure. The new definition targets precipitation depths with an extremely low exceedance probability instead of assuming rainfall is bounded, and considers specified climate periods so that PMP estimates can change as the climate changes. Near-term enhancements to PMP include improved data collection, model-based storm reconstructions, and strengthened scientific grounding for PMP methods. Long-term model-based PMP estimation will employ kilometer-scale climate models capable of resolving PMP storms and producing PMP-magnitude precipitation. A Model Evaluation Project will provide scientific grounding for model-based PMP estimation and determine when transition to a model-based PMP estimation should occur. Scientific and modeling advances along this front will contribute to addressing the societal challenges linked to the changes in extreme storms and precipitation in a warming climate, which are critical steps to ensuring the safety of our infrastructure and society. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Need and Opportunity for a Modernized PMP Approach2 Common Understanding of PMP3 State of the Science and Recent Advances in Understanding Extreme Precipitation4 Critical Assessment of Current PMP Methods5 Recommended ApproachReferencesAppendix A: Committee Member and Staff Biographical SketchesAppendix B: History of PMPAppendix C: Dam CharacteristicsAppendix D: Criteria for a Modern PMP Estimation ProcessAppendix E: R Code used in Report Figures 3-5 and 5-3

DKK 390.00
1

Animal Models for Microbiome Research - Institute For Laboratory Animal Research - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Animal Models for Microbiome Research - Institute For Laboratory Animal Research - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The surface of the human body and its mucous membranes are heavily colonized by microorganisms. Our understanding of the contributions that complex microbial communities make to health and disease is advancing rapidly. Most microbiome research to date has focused on the mouse as a model organism for delineating the mechanisms that shape the assembly and dynamic operations of microbial communities. However, the mouse is not a perfect surrogate for studying different aspects of the microbiome and how it responds to various environmental and host stimuli, and as a result, researchers have been conducting microbiome studies in other animals. To examine the different animal models researchers employ in microbiome studies and to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of each of these model organisms as they relate to human and nonhuman health and disease, the Roundtable on Science and Welfare in Laboratory Animal Use of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in December 2016. The workshop participants explored how to improve the depth and breadth of analysis of microbial communities using various model organisms, the challenges of standardization and biological variability that are inherent in gnotobiotic animal-based research, the predictability and translatability of preclinical studies to humans, and strategies for expanding the infrastructure and tools for conducting studies in these types of models. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 A Trans-Kingdom Perspective on Animal Models and Microbiome Research3 Non-Rodent Models for Microbiome Research4 Modeling Human Microbiota in Animal Systems5 Experimental Reproducibility Using Gnotobiotic Animal Models6 Establishing and Evolving Gnotobiotic Facilities7 Reflections on the WorkshopReferencesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Biographical Sketches of Planning CommitteeAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers and ModeratorsAppendix D: Glossary

DKK 292.00
1

A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling - Committee On A National Strategy For Advancing Climate Modeling - Bog - National Academies Press

A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling - Committee On A National Strategy For Advancing Climate Modeling - Bog - National Academies Press

As climate change has pushed climate patterns outside of historic norms, the need for detailed projections is growing across all sectors, including agriculture, insurance, and emergency preparedness planning. A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling emphasizes the needs for climate models to evolve substantially in order to deliver climate projections at the scale and level of detail desired by decision makers, this report finds. Despite much recent progress in developing reliable climate models, there are still efficiencies to be gained across the large and diverse U.S. climate modeling community. Evolving to a more unified climate modeling enterprise-in particular by developing a common software infrastructure shared by all climate researchers and holding an annual climate modeling forum-could help speed progress. Throughout this report, several recommendations and guidelines are outlined to accelerate progress in climate modeling. The U.S. supports several climate models, each conceptually similar but with components assembled with slightly different software and data output standards. If all U.S. climate models employed a single software system, it could simplify testing and migration to new computing hardware, and allow scientists to compare and interchange climate model components, such as land surface or ocean models. A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling recommends an annual U.S. climate modeling forum be held to help bring the nation's diverse modeling communities together with the users of climate data. This would provide climate model data users with an opportunity to learn more about the strengths and limitations of models and provide input to modelers on their needs and provide a venue for discussions of priorities for the national modeling enterprise, and bring disparate climate science communities together to design common modeling experiments. In addition, A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling explains that U.S. climate modelers will need to address an expanding breadth of scientific problems while striving to make predictions and projections more accurate. Progress toward this goal can be made through a combination of increasing model resolution, advances in observations, improved model physics, and more complete representations of the Earth system. To address the computing needs of the climate modeling community, the report suggests a two-pronged approach that involves the continued use and upgrading of existing climate-dedicated computing resources at modeling centers, together with research on how to effectively exploit the more complex computer hardware systems expected over the next 10 to 20 years. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummaryPART 1: Background1 Introduction2 Lessons from Previous Reports on Climate ModelingPART 2: Current Issues in Climate Modeling3 Strategies for Developing Climate Models:Model Hierarchy, Resolution, and Complexity4 Scientific Frontiers5 Integrated Climate Observing System and Earth System Analysis6 Characterizing, Quantifying, and Communicating Uncertainty7 Climate Model Development Workforce8 Relationship of U.S. Climate Modeling to Other International and National Efforts9 Strategy for Operational Climate Modeling and Data DistributionPART 3: Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling10 Computational Infrastructure - Challenges and Opportunities11 Synergies Between Weather and Climate Modeling12 Interface with User and Educational Communities13 Strategies for Optimizing U.S. Institutional Arrangements14 A National Strategy for Advancing Climate ModelingReferencesAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Community InputAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members

DKK 383.00
1

Renewable Fuel Standard - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Renewable Fuel Standard - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In the United States, we have come to depend on plentiful and inexpensive energy to support our economy and lifestyles. In recent years, many questions have been raised regarding the sustainability of our current pattern of high consumption of nonrenewable energy and its environmental consequences. Further, because the United States imports about 55 percent of the nation's consumption of crude oil, there are additional concerns about the security of supply. Hence, efforts are being made to find alternatives to our current pathway, including greater energy efficiency and use of energy sources that could lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as nuclear and renewable sources, including solar, wind, geothermal, and biofuels. The United States has a long history with biofuels and the nation is on a course charted to achieve a substantial increase in biofuels. Renewable Fuel Standard evaluates the economic and environmental consequences of increasing biofuels production as a result of Renewable Fuels Standard, as amended by EISA (RFS2). The report describes biofuels produced in 2010 and those projected to be produced and consumed by 2022, reviews model projections and other estimates of the relative impact on the prices of land, and discusses the potential environmental harm and benefits of biofuels production and the barriers to achieving the RFS2 consumption mandate. Policy makers, investors, leaders in the transportation sector, and others with concerns for the environment, economy, and energy security can rely on the recommendations provided in this report. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Biofuel Supply Chain3 Projected Supply of Cellulosic Biomass4 The Economics and Economic Effects of Biofuel Production5 Environmental Effects and Tradeoffs of Biofuels6 Barriers to Achieving RFS2APPENDIXESAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Biographical SketchesAppendix C: Presentations to the CommitteeAppendix D: GlossaryAppendix E: Select Acronyms and AbbreviationsAppendix F: Conversion FactorsAppendix G: Petroleum-Based Fuel EconomicsAppendix H: Ethanol Biorefineries in Operation or Under Construction in the United States in 2010Appendix I: Biodiesel Refineries in the United States in 2010Appendix J: Economic Models Used to Assess the Effects of Biofuel Production in the United StatesAppendix K: BioBreak Model: Assumptions for Willingness to AcceptAppendix L: BioBreak Model AssumptionsAppendix M: Summary of Literature EstimatesAppendix N: Blend WallAppendix O: Safety and Quality of Biofuel Coproducts as Animal Feed

DKK 416.00
1

Valuing Climate Damages - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Valuing Climate Damages - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The social cost of carbon (SC-CO2) is an economic metric intended to provide a comprehensive estimate of the net damages - that is, the monetized value of the net impacts, both negative and positive - from the global climate change that results from a small (1-metric ton) increase in carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions. Under Executive Orders regarding regulatory impact analysis and as required by a court ruling, the U.S. government has since 2008 used estimates of the SC-CO2 in federal rulemakings to value the costs and benefits associated with changes in CO2 emissions. In 2010, the Interagency Working Group on the Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases (IWG) developed a methodology for estimating the SC-CO2 across a range of assumptions about future socioeconomic and physical earth systems. Valuing Climate Changes examines potential approaches, along with their relative merits and challenges, for a comprehensive update to the current methodology. This publication also recommends near- and longer-term research priorities to ensure that the SC- CO2 estimates reflect the best available science. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive SummarySummary1 Introduction2 Framework for Estimating the Social Cost of Carbon3 Socioeconomic Module4 Climate Module5 Damages Module6 Discounting Module7 Long-Term Research NeedsReferencesAppendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and StaffAppendix B: Presentations to the CommitteeAppendix C: Elicitation of Expert OpiniAppendix D: Global Growth Data and ProjectionsAppendix E: Comparison of a Simple Earth System Model to Existing SC-IAMsAppendix F: Empirical Equation for Estimating Ocean AcidificationAppendix G: Damages Model-Specific Improvement Opportunities

DKK 448.00
1