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Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog -

Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog -

Medium- and heavy-duty trucks, motor coaches, and transit buses - collectively, "medium- and heavy-duty vehicles", or MHDVs - are used in every sector of the economy. The fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of MHDVs have become a focus of legislative and regulatory action in the past few years. Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase Two is a follow-on to the National Research Council's 2010 report, Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium-and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. That report provided a series of findings and recommendations on the development of regulations for reducing fuel consumption of MHDVs. This report comprises the first periodic, five-year follow-on to the 2010 report. Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase Two reviews NHTSA fuel consumption regulations and considers the technological, market and regulatory factors that may be of relevance to a revised and updated regulatory regime taking effect for model years 2019-2022. The report analyzes and provides options for improvements to the certification and compliance procedures for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles; reviews an updated analysis of the makeup and characterization of the medium- and heavy-duty truck fleet; examines the barriers to and the potential applications of natural gas in class 2b through class 8 vehicles; and addresses uncertainties and performs sensitivity analyses for the fuel consumption and cost/benefit estimates.

DKK 292.00
1

Reducing Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase Two - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog

Reducing Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase Two - Board On Energy And Environmental Systems - Bog

Medium- and heavy-duty trucks, motor coaches, and transit buses - collectively, "medium- and heavy-duty vehicles", or MHDVs - are used in every sector of the economy. The fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of MHDVs have become a focus of legislative and regulatory action in the past few years. This study is a follow-on to the National Research Council's 2010 report, Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium-and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. That report provided a series of findings and recommendations on the development of regulations for reducing fuel consumption of MHDVs. On September 15, 2011, NHTSA and EPA finalized joint Phase I rules to establish a comprehensive Heavy-Duty National Program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption for on-road medium- and heavy-duty vehicles. As NHTSA and EPA began working on a second round of standards, the National Academies issued another report, Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase Two: First Report, providing recommendations for the Phase II standards. This third and final report focuses on a possible third phase of regulations to be promulgated by these agencies in the next decade. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Setting the Stage: Regulatory Horizons, Challenges, and Influences3 Certification, Compliance, and Enforcement4 Powertrain Technologies5 Technologies for Reducing the Power Demand of MHDVs6 Projected Benefits of Technologies on Fuel Consumption7 Hybrid and Electric Powertrain Technologies8 Battery Technology for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Hybrid and Electric Vehicles9 Freight Operational Efficiency10 Intelligent Transportation Systems and Automation11 Manufacturing Considerations12 Costs and Benefits13 Alternative and Complementary Regulatory ApproachesAppendix A: Committee BiographiesAppendix B: Disclosure of Conflicts of InterestAppendix C: Committee ActivitiesAppendix D: Summary of Analysis of Engine and Vehicle CombinationsAppendix E: Description of Drive Cycles Used for ComplianceAppendix F: Summary of Committee's First Report: Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase Two: First ReportAppendix G: Acronyms and Abbreviations

DKK 708.00
1

Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies

Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies

Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles evaluates various technologies and methods that could improve the fuel economy of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, such as tractor-trailers, transit buses, and work trucks. The book also recommends approaches that federal agencies could use to regulate these vehicles' fuel consumption. Currently there are no fuel consumption standards for such vehicles, which account for about 26 percent of the transportation fuel used in the U.S. The miles-per-gallon measure used to regulate the fuel economy of passenger cars. is not appropriate for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, which are designed above all to carry loads efficiently. Instead, any regulation of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles should use a metric that reflects the efficiency with which a vehicle moves goods or passengers, such as gallons per ton-mile, a unit that reflects the amount of fuel a vehicle would use to carry a ton of goods one mile. This is called load-specific fuel consumption (LSFC). The book estimates the improvements that various technologies could achieve over the next decade in seven vehicle types. For example, using advanced diesel engines in tractor-trailers could lower their fuel consumption by up to 20 percent by 2020, and improved aerodynamics could yield an 11 percent reduction. Hybrid powertrains could lower the fuel consumption of vehicles that stop frequently, such as garbage trucks and transit buses, by as much 35 percent in the same time frame.

DKK 416.00
1

Exploration of the Outer Heliosphere and the Local Interstellar Medium - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Exploration of the Outer Heliosphere and the Local Interstellar Medium - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

A report that presents the summary of a workshop held in May 2003 by the Space Studies Board's Committee on Solar and Space Physics to synthesize understanding of the physics of the outer heliosphere and the critical role played by the local interstellar medium (LISM) and to identify directions for the further exploration of this environment.

DKK 208.00
1

Pathways to Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 2020s - Board On Physics And Astronomy - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Pathways to Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 2020s - Board On Physics And Astronomy - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

We live in a time of extraordinary discovery and progress in astronomy and astrophysics. The next decade will transform our understanding of the universe and humanity's place in it. Every decade the U.S. agencies that provide primary federal funding for astronomy and astrophysics request a survey to assess the status of, and opportunities for the Nation's efforts to forward our understanding of the cosmos. Pathways to Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 2020s identifies the most compelling science goals and presents an ambitious program of ground- and space-based activities for future investment in the next decade and beyond. The decadal survey identifies three important science themes for the next decade aimed at investigating Earth-like extrasolar planets, the most energetic processes in the universe, and the evolution of galaxies. The Astro2020 report also recommends critical near-term actions to support the foundations of the profession as well as the technologies and tools needed to carry out the science. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Pathways to Discovery: From Foundations to Frontiers2 A New Cosmic Perspective3 The Profession and Its Societal Impacts: Gateways to Science, Pathways to Diversity, Equity, and Sustainability4 Optimizing the Science: Foundations5 Evaluating and Balancing the Operational Portfolio6 Technology Foundations and Small- and Medium-Scale Sustaining Programs7 Realizing the Opportunities: Medium- and Large-Scale ProgramsAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of Task, Additional Guidance, and Panel DescriptionsAppendix B: Report of the Panel on Compact Objects and Energetic PhenomenaAppendix C: Report of the Panel on CosmologyAppendix D: Report of the Panel on GalaxiesAppendix E: Report of the Panel on Exoplanets, Astrobiology, and the Solar SystemAppendix F: Report of the Panel on the Interstellar Medium and Star and Planet FormationAppendix G: Report of the Panel on Stars, the Sun, and Stellar PopulationsAppendix H: Report of the Panel on an Enabling Foundation for ResearchAppendix I: Report of the Panel on Electromagnetic Observations from Space 1Appendix J: Report of the Panel on Electromagnetic Observations from Space 2Appendix K: Report of the Panel on Optical and Infrared Observations from the GroundAppendix L: Report of the Panel on Particle Astrophysics and GravitationAppendix M: Report of the Panel on Radio, Millimeter, and Submillimeter Observations from the GroundAppendix N: Report of the Panel on State of the Profession and Societal ImpactsAppendix O: Independent Technical, Risk, and Cost EvaluationAppendix P: Acronyms and AbbreviationsAppendix Q: Committee and Panel Biographical Information

DKK 755.00
1

Promising and Best Practices in Total Worker Health - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Promising and Best Practices in Total Worker Health - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Combined with the more traditional employer occupational safety and health protection activities are newer employment-based programs to promote better health through helping workers quit smoking, lose weight, reduce stress, or exercise more regularly. In support of these efforts, some employers have made changes in their policies and facilities to support physical activity and healthier eating, and some employers connect with community resources for health education, health fairs, and other services. This diverse array of activities most typically has been planned, managed, and assessed - to the extent they exist in the workplace at all - by different, often uncoordinated departments within the business entity. Some employers have reconceptualized their safety, prevention, and promotion initiatives and attempted to bring them together into a coherent whole. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has supported this integration, defining Total Worker Health as "a strategy integrating occupational safety and health protection with health promotion to prevent worker injury and illness and to advance health and well-being."In May 2014, with support from NIOSH, the Institute of Medicine organized a workshop on Total Worker Health. Rather than a review of published literature, this workshop sought input from a wide variety of on-the-ground stakeholders regarding their experiences with integrating occupational safety and health protection with health promotion in the workplace. Promising and Best Practices in Total Worker Health is the summary of the discussions and presentations of the event. This report identifies prevalent and best practices in programs that integrate occupational safety and health protection with health promotion in small, medium, and large workplaces; employer and employee associations; academia; government agencies; and other stakeholder groups. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Total Worker Health in the Real World3 The Value in Pursuing Total Worker Health4 Total Worker Health in Large Businesses5 Total Worker Health for Small- and Medium-Sized Businesses6 Reactors Panel and DiscussionReferencesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Speaker and Moderator Biographical Sketches

DKK 260.00
1

Government Data Centers - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Government Data Centers - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Environmental data centers have been successfully acquiring, disseminating, and archiving data for decades. However, the increasing volume and number of data sets, coupled with greater demands from more diverse users, are making it difficult for data centers to maintain the record of environmental change. This workshop report focuses on technological approaches that could enhance the ability of environmental data centers to deal with these challenges, and improve the ability of users to find and use information held in data centers. Among the major findings are that data centers should rely more on off-the-shelf technology—including software and commonly available hardware—and should shift from tape to disk as the primary storage medium. Such technological improvements will help solve many data management problems, although data centers and their host agencies will have to continue to invest in the scientific and human elements of data center operations. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive Summary1. About the Data Centers2. Challenges and OpportunitiesReferencesAppendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix B: Workshop AgendaAppendix C: Workshop Speakers and ParticipantsAppendix D: Workshop DiscussionsAppendix E: GlossaryAppendix F: Acronyms

DKK 208.00
1

The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies

The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And Education - Bog - National Academies

Over the last three decades, there have been fundamental shifts in the electricity system, including the growing adoption of clean distributed generation energy technologies such as rooftop solar. Net metering, which compensates customers for excess energy they contribute to the grid, has been instrumental in supporting the integration of these systems into the grid, but these policies may need to change to better address future needs. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System explores the medium-to-long term impacts of net metering on the electricity grid and customers. This report evaluates how net metering guidelines should evolve to support a decarbonized, equitable, and resilient electricity system. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Net Metering 1013 Background and History, Current Status, and Near-Term Future of Net Metering4 Economic Considerations Related to Net Metering5 Equity Considerations of Net Metering6 Net Metering and Distributed Energy Technologies7 Regulatory, Legal, and Market Considerations8 The Future of Net Metering in an Evolving Electricity SystemBibliographyAppendixesAppendix A: Committee Biographical InformationAppendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. JurisdictionsAppendix C: Committee Meetings

DKK 390.00
1

Revisiting the Manufacturing USA Institutes - Policy And Global Affairs - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Revisiting the Manufacturing USA Institutes - Policy And Global Affairs - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Manufacturing USA initiative seeks to reinforce U.S.-based advanced manufacturing through partnerships among industry, academia, and government. Started in 2012 and established with bipartisan support by the Revitalize American Manufacturing and Innovation Act of 2014, the initiative envisages a nationwide network of research centers for manufacturing innovation. Some 14 manufacturing innovation institutes have been established to facilitate the movement of early-stage research into proven capabilities ready for adoption by U.S. manufacturers. To better understand the role and experiences of the Manufacturing USA institutes, a committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on May 23, 2017 drawing together institute directors and manufacturing policy experts along with leaders from industry, academia, and government. Given the continued prominence of enhancing domestic manufacturing and international competitiveness in public policy discussions, the National Academies convened a second workshop on November 14, 2018, to monitor the progress of the Manufacturing USA institutes. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from this second workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 Increasing U.S. Competitiveness by Improving Knowledge Creation and Technology Diffusion3 Workforce Development4 Supporting Supply Chains and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises5 Sustainability and the Future of the Institutes6 Key Points Made by Presenters During the WorkshopReferencesAPPENDIXESAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: GlossaryAppendix C: Biographies of Speakers and Planning Committee Members

DKK 292.00
1

Toward a 21st Century National Data Infrastructure: Mobilizing Information for the Common Good - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And

Toward a 21st Century National Data Infrastructure: Mobilizing Information for the Common Good - Division Of Behavioral And Social Sciences And

Historically, the U.S. national data infrastructure has relied on the operations of the federal statistical system and the data assets that it holds. Throughout the 20th century, federal statistical agencies aggregated survey responses of households and businesses to produce information about the nation and diverse subpopulations. The statistics created from such surveys provide most of what people know about the well-being of society, including health, education, employment, safety, housing, and food security. The surveys also contribute to an infrastructure for empirical social- and economic-sciences research. Research using survey-response data, with strict privacy protections, led to important discoveries about the causes and consequences of important societal challenges and also informed policymakers. Like other infrastructure, people can easily take these essential statistics for granted. Only when they are threatened do people recognize the need to protect them. Toward a 21st Century National Data Infrastructure: Mobilizing Information for the Common Good develops a vision for a new data infrastructure for national statistics and social and economic research in the 21st century. This report describes how the country can improve the statistical information so critical to shaping the nation's future, by mobilizing data assets and blending them with existing survey data. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 The United States Needs a New National Data Infrastructure3 A Vision for a New National Data Infrastructure4 Blended Data: Implications for a New National Data Infrastructure and Its Organization5 Building a 21st Century National Data Infrastructure Requires Identifying Short- and Medium-Term ActivitiesReferencesAppendix A: Biographical Sketches of Panel MembersAppendix B: Workshop AgendasCommittee on National Statistics

DKK 208.00
1

A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation - Board On Agriculture

A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation - Board On Agriculture

Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening, first observed more than a hundred years ago in Asia, is the most serious disease threat to the citrus-growing industry worldwide due to its complexity, destructiveness, and incalcitrance to management. First detected in Florida in 2005, HLB is now widespread in the state and threatens the survival of the Florida citrus industry despite substantial allocation of research funds by Florida citrus growers and federal and state agencies. As the HLB epidemic raged in 2008, Florida citrus growers began allocating funds for HLB research in hopes of finding short-, medium-, and long-term solutions. This effort created the Citrus Research and Development Foundation (CRDF), an organization with oversight responsibility for HLB research and development efforts in Florida. This report provides an independent review of the portfolio of research projects that have been or continue to be supported by the CRDF. It seeks to identify ways to retool HLB research—which, despite significantly increasing understanding of the factors involved in HLB, has produced no major breakthroughs in controlling the disease—and accelerate the development of durable tools and strategies that could help abate the damage caused by HLB and prevent the possible collapse of the Florida citrus industry. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive SummarySummary1 Introduction2 Current Knowledge on Huanglongbing (HLB) and the Interactions of the Pathogen, Vector, and Host3 HLB Research and Development Efforts4 Notable Outcomes, Pitfalls, and Future DirectionsAppendix A: Committee BiographiesAppendix B: Open Session Meeting AgendasAppendix C: GlossaryAppendix D: Selected Citrus Research Development Foundation Projects

DKK 396.00
1

Next Generation Earth System Prediction - Ocean Studies Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Next Generation Earth System Prediction - Ocean Studies Board - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

As the nation's economic activities, security concerns, and stewardship of natural resources become increasingly complex and globally interrelated, they become ever more sensitive to adverse impacts from weather, climate, and other natural phenomena. For several decades, forecasts with lead times of a few days for weather and other environmental phenomena have yielded valuable information to improve decision-making across all sectors of society. Developing the capability to forecast environmental conditions and disruptive events several weeks and months in advance could dramatically increase the value and benefit of environmental predictions, saving lives, protecting property, increasing economic vitality, protecting the environment, and informing policy choices. Over the past decade, the ability to forecast weather and climate conditions on subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) timescales, i.e., two to fifty-two weeks in advance, has improved substantially. Although significant progress has been made, much work remains to make S2S predictions skillful enough, as well as optimally tailored and communicated, to enable widespread use. Next Generation Earth System Predictions presents a ten-year U.S. research agenda that increases the nation's S2S research and modeling capability, advances S2S forecasting, and aids in decision making at medium and extended lead times. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 History and Current Status of S2S Forecasting3 Enhancing the Value and Benefits of S2S Forecasts4 Sources of Subseasonal to Seasonal Predictability5 S2S Forecast Systems: Capabilities, Gaps, and Potential6 Interface Between Research and Operations7 Cyberinfrastructure and Workforce Capacity Building8 Vision and Way Forward for S2S Earth System PredictionAcronym ListReferencesAppendix A: Committee's Statement of TaskAppendix B: Details of Seasonal and Subseasonal Forecast SystemsAppendix C: Past, Current, and Planned Major International Process StudiesAppendix D: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members

DKK 682.00
1

Computing Research for Sustainability - Committee On Computing Research For Environmental And Societal Sustainability - Bog - National Academies Press

Computing Research for Sustainability - Committee On Computing Research For Environmental And Societal Sustainability - Bog - National Academies Press

A broad and growing literature describes the deep and multidisciplinary nature of the sustainability challenges faced by the United States and the world. Despite the profound technical challenges involved, sustainability is not, at its root, a technical problem, nor will merely technical solutions be sufficient. Instead, deep economic, political, and cultural adjustments will ultimately be required, along with a major, long-term commitment in each sphere to deploy the requisite technical solutions at scale. Nevertheless, technological advances and enablers have a clear role in supporting such change, and information technology (IT) is a natural bridge between technical and social solutions because it can offer improved communication and transparency for fostering the necessary economic, political, and cultural adjustments. Moreover, IT is at the heart of nearly every large-scale socioeconomic system-including systems for finance, manufacturing, and the generation and distribution of energy-and so sustainability-focused changes in those systems are inextricably linked with advances in IT. The focus of Computing Research for Sustainability is "greening through IT," the application of computing to promote sustainability broadly. The aim of this report is twofold: to shine a spotlight on areas where IT innovation and computer science (CS) research can help, and to urge the computing research community to bring its approaches and methodologies to bear on these pressing global challenges. Computing Research for Sustainability focuses on addressing medium- and long-term challenges in a way that would have significant, measurable impact. The findings and recommended principles of the Committee on Computing Research for Environmental and Societal Sustainability concern four areas: (1) the relevance of IT and CS to sustainability; (2) the value of the CS approach to problem solving, particularly as it pertains to sustainability challenges; (3) key CS research areas; and (4) strategy and pragmatic approaches for CS research on sustainability.

DKK 312.00
1

The New Science of Metagenomics - Committee On Metagenomics: Challenges And Functional Applications - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The New Science of Metagenomics - Committee On Metagenomics: Challenges And Functional Applications - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Although we can't usually see them, microbes are essential for every part of human life—indeed all life on Earth. The emerging field of metagenomics offers a new way of exploring the microbial world that will transform modern microbiology and lead to practical applications in medicine, agriculture, alternative energy, environmental remediation, and many others areas. Metagenomics allows researchers to look at the genomes of all of the microbes in an environment at once, providing a "meta" view of the whole microbial community and the complex interactions within it. It's a quantum leap beyond traditional research techniques that rely on studying—one at a time—the few microbes that can be grown in the laboratory. At the request of the National Science Foundation, five Institutes of the National Institutes of Health, and the Department of Energy, the National Research Council organized a committee to address the current state of metagenomics and identify obstacles current researchers are facing in order to determine how to best support the field and encourage its success. The New Science of Metagenomics recommends the establishment of a "Global Metagenomics Initiative" comprising a small number of large-scale metagenomics projects as well as many medium- and small-scale projects to advance the technology and develop the standard practices needed to advance the field. The report also addresses database needs, methodological challenges, and the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in supporting this new field. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Why Metagenomics?2 A New Light on Biology3 From Genomics to Metagenomics: First Steps4 Designing a Successful Metagenomics Project: Best Practices and Future Needs5 Data Management and Bioinformatics Challenges of Metagenomics6 The Institutional Landscape for Metagenomics: New Science, New Challenges7 A Balanced Portfolio: Multi-Scale Projects in the "Global Metagenomics Initiative"8 Recommendations9 EpilogueReferencesAppendix A Statement of TaskAppendix B Committee Biographies

DKK 344.00
1

Making Sense of Ballistic Missile Defense - Committee On An Assessment Of Concepts And Systems For U.s. Boost Phase Missile Defense In Comparison To

Making Sense of Ballistic Missile Defense - Committee On An Assessment Of Concepts And Systems For U.s. Boost Phase Missile Defense In Comparison To

The Committee on an Assessment of Concepts and Systems for U.S. Boost-Phase Missile Defense in Comparison to Other Alternatives set forth to provide an assessment of the feasibility, practicality, and affordability of U.S. boost-phase missile defense compared with that of the U.S. non-boost missile defense when countering short-, medium-, and intermediate-range ballistic missile threats from rogue states to deployed forces of the United States and its allies and defending the territory of the United States against limited ballistic missile attack. To provide a context for this analysis of present and proposed U.S. boost-phase and non-boost missile defense concepts and systems, the committee considered the following to be the missions for ballistic missile defense (BMD): protecting of the U.S. homeland against nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction (WMD); or conventional ballistic missile attacks; protection of U.S. forces, including military bases, logistics, command and control facilities, and deployed forces, including military bases, logistics, and command and control facilities. They also considered deployed forces themselves in theaters of operation against ballistic missile attacks armed with WMD or conventional munitions, and protection of U.S. allies, partners, and host nations against ballistic-missile-delivered WMD and conventional weapons. Consistent with U.S. policy and the congressional tasking, the committee conducted its analysis on the basis that it is not a mission of U.S. BMD systems to defend against large-scale deliberate nuclear attacks by Russia or China. Making Sense of Ballistic Missile Defense: An Assessment of Concepts and Systems for U.S. Boost-Phase Missile Defense in Comparison to Other Alternatives suggests that great care should be taken by the U.S. in ensuring that negotiations on space agreements not adversely impact missile defense effectiveness. This report also explains in further detail the findings of the committee, makes recommendations, and sets guidelines for the future of ballistic missile defense research.

DKK 383.00
1

Review of the U.S. Navy's Exposure Standard for Manufactured Vitreous Fibers - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National

Review of the U.S. Navy's Exposure Standard for Manufactured Vitreous Fibers - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National

Manufactured vitreous fibers (MVF), also known as synthetic vitreous fibers, are considered to be less hazardous than asbestos to human health. They are used in many thermal- and acoustical-insulation applications as an asbestos substitute or as a filtration medium. The Navy uses MVF in shipboard and onshore applications. To protect Navy personnel from harmful exposures to MVF, the U.S. Navy Environmental Health Center (NEHC) developed occupational exposure standards. The documentation assists industrial hygienists, occupational medicine physicians, and other Navy health professionals in assessing and controlling the health hazards linked with exposure to MVF. In 1997, the National Research Council (NRC) was asked to conduct an independent review of the Navy's toxicological assessment of MVF and to evaluate the scientific validity of its exposure standard of 2 fibers per cubic centimeter of air (f/cm3). The NRC assigned the task to the Committee on Toxicology, which established the Subcommittee on Manufactured Vitreous Fibers, a multidisciplinary group of experts, to determine whether all relevant toxicological and epidemiological data were correctly considered in developing the exposure standard; and to examine the uncertainty, variability, and quality of data and the appropriateness of assumptions used in the derivation of the exposure standard. The subcommittee was also asked to identify deficiencies in the MVF database and, where appropriate, to make recommendations for future research and data development. Review of the U.S. Navy's exposure Standard for Manufactured Vitreous Fibers represents the subcommittee's final report. The committee had expanded its review when in January 1999, the Navy revised its Occupational Safety and Health Program Manual (CNO 1999), changing the occupational exposure limit for MVF to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit value (TLV) of 1 f/cm3. The report features recommendations by the subcommittee as well as information gaps found throughout investigation. Overall, the subcommittee found that the Navy made a good start in assessing the health effects of MVF, but needed further research.

DKK 305.00
1

New Directions in Manufacturing - Board On Manufacturing And Engineering Design - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

New Directions in Manufacturing - Board On Manufacturing And Engineering Design - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The processes and techniques of manufacturing have changed substantially over the decades and that evolution continues today. In order to examine the potential impacts of these changes, the Department of Commerce asked the NRC to design a workshop to focus on issues central to the changing nature of manufacturing. The workshop brought together a number of experts to present papers about and to discuss the current state of manufacturing in the United States and the challenges it faces. This report presents the results of that workshop. Key challenges that emerged from the workshop and that are discussed include understanding manufacturing trends; manufacturing globalization; information technology opportunities; maintaining innovation; strengthening small and medium-sized enterprises; workforce education; and rising infrastructure costs.Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive SummaryPart I Summary of the Workshop Sessions1 Manufacturing in the United States2 Challenges Facing U.S. Manufacturing Today3 New DirectionsPart II Presented Papers: Manufacturing in the U.S. Economy4 Keynote Address: The Administration's Manufacturing Policy5 U.S. Manufacturing at the Crossroads6 Innovation and U.S. ManufacturingPart III Presented Papers: View from Three Manufacturing Sectors7 Trends in Rural Manufacturing8 Issues for Small Manufacturing Enterprises9 Drivers and Challenges for U.S. Aerospace ManufacturingPart IV Presented Papers: Manufacturing Globalization10 Manufacturing Globalization: Is the Glass Half Full or Half Empty?11 Manufacturing Globalization at United Technologies Corporation12 Insights on OutsourcingPart V Presented Papers: The Human Element in Manufacturing13 Keeping America Competitive14 Economic Challenges to American Manufacturing15 The Crisis in U.S. Manufacturing: A Union View16 The Human Component in ManufacturingPart VI Presented Papers: The Way Forward17 Standards and Infrastructure18 Collaborating to Meet Manufacturing Challenges19 Manufacturing, Energy, and the Future of New Technology20 Army Manufacturing Technology Program Responds to 21st Century Challenges21 Turning New Technologies into Products at Sandia National LaboratoriesPart VII Presented Papers: New Manufacturing Paradigm22 Manufacturing in a Digital Era23 Manufacturing Knowledge and the Arrow of TimeAppendix A Biographical Sketches of Committee MembersAppendix B Workshop AgendaAppendix C Acronyms and Abbreviations

DKK 221.00
1

Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Various combinations of commercially available technologies could greatly reduce fuel consumption in passenger cars, sport-utility vehicles, minivans, and other light-duty vehicles without compromising vehicle performance or safety. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy estimates the potential fuel savings and costs to consumers of available technology combinations for three types of engines: spark-ignition gasoline, compression-ignition diesel, and hybrid. According to its estimates, adopting the full combination of improved technologies in medium and large cars and pickup trucks with spark-ignition engines could reduce fuel consumption by 29 percent at an additional cost of $2,200 to the consumer. Replacing spark-ignition engines with diesel engines and components would yield fuel savings of about 37 percent at an added cost of approximately $5,900 per vehicle, and replacing spark-ignition engines with hybrid engines and components would reduce fuel consumption by 43 percent at an increase of $6,000 per vehicle. The book focuses on fuel consumption—the amount of fuel consumed in a given driving distance—because energy savings are directly related to the amount of fuel used. In contrast, fuel economy measures how far a vehicle will travel with a gallon of fuel. Because fuel consumption data indicate money saved on fuel purchases and reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, the book finds that vehicle stickers should provide consumers with fuel consumption data in addition to fuel economy information. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Fundamentals of Fuel Consumption3 Cost Estimation4 Spark-Ignition Gasoline Engines5 Compression-Ignition Diesel Engines6 Hybrid Power Trains7 Non-Engine Technologies8 Modeling Improvements in Vehicle Fuel Consumption9 Application of Vehicle Technologies to Vehicle ClassesAppendixesAppendix A: Committee BiographiesAppendix B: Statement of TaskAppendix C: List of Presentations at Public Committee MeetingsAppendix D: Select AcronymsAppendix E: Comparison of Fuel Consumption and Fuel EconomyAppendix F: Review of Estimate of Retail Price Equivalent Markup FactorsAppendix G: Compression-Ignition Engine Replacement for Full-Size Pickup/SUVAppendix H:Other NRC Assessments of Benefits, Costs, and Readiness of Fuel Economy TechnologiesAppendix I: Results of Other Major StudiesAppendix J: Probabilities in Estimation of Fuel Consumption Benefits and CostsAppendix K: Model Description and Results for the EEA-ICF Model

DKK 370.00
1

The New Global Ecosystem in Advanced Computing - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The New Global Ecosystem in Advanced Computing - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Computing and information and communications technology (ICT) has dramatically changed how we work and live, has had profound effects on nearly every sector of society, has transformed whole industries, and is a key component of U.S. global leadership. A fundamental driver of advances in computing and ICT has been the fact that the single-processor performance has, until recently, been steadily and dramatically increasing year over years, based on a combination of architectural techniques, semiconductor advances, and software improvements. Users, developers, and innovators were able to depend on those increases, translating that performance into numerous technological innovations and creating successive generations of ever more rich and diverse products, software services, and applications that had profound effects across all sectors of society. However, we can no longer depend on those extraordinary advances in single-processor performance continuing. This slowdown in the growth of single-processor computing performance has its roots in fundamental physics and engineering constraints—multiple technological barriers have converged to pose deep research challenges, and the consequences of this shift are deep and profound for computing and for the sectors of the economy that depend on and assume, implicitly or explicitly, ever-increasing performance. From a technology standpoint, these challenges have led to heterogeneous multicore chips and a shift to alternate innovation axes that include, but are not limited to, improving chip performance, mobile devices, and cloud services. As these technical shifts reshape the computing industry, with global consequences, the United States must be prepared to exploit new opportunities and to deal with technical challenges. The New Global Ecosystem in Advanced Computing: Implications for U.S. Competitiveness and National Security outlines the technical challenges, describe the global research landscape, and explore implications for competition and national security. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Computer and Semiconductor Technology Trends and Implications2 The Global Research Landscape3 Innovation Policy Landscape Comparative Analysis4 Implications of Changes in the Global Advanced Computing Landscape for U.S. National SecurityAppendixesAppendix A: Committee Member BiographiesAppendix B: Identifying Hubs of Research Activity in Key Areas of S&T Critical to this StudyAppendix C: Contributors to the StudyAppendix D: Findings and Recommendations from *The Future of Computing Performance: Game Over or Next Level?*Appendix E: Dennard Scaling and ImplicationsAppendix F: Pilot Study of Papers at Top Technical Conferences in Advanced ComputingAppendix G: Conference Bibliometric DataAppendix H: Top 20 Largest Hardware and Software CompaniesAppendix I: China's Medium- and Long-Term PlanAppendix J: List of Abbreviations

DKK 273.00
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Earth Science and Applications from Space - Committee On The Assessment Of Nasa's Earth Science Program - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Earth Science and Applications from Space - Committee On The Assessment Of Nasa's Earth Science Program - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Understanding the effects of natural and human-induced changes on the global environment and their implications requires a foundation of integrated observations of land, sea, air and space, on which to build credible information products, forecast models, and other tools for making informed decisions. The 2007 National Research Council report on decadal survey called for a renewal of the national commitment to a program of Earth observations in which attention to securing practical benefits for humankind plays an equal role with the quest to acquire new knowledge about the Earth system. NASA responded favorably and aggressively to this survey, embracing its overall recommendations for Earth observations, missions, technology investments, and priorities for the underlying science. As a result, the science and applications communities have made significant progress over the past 5 years. However, the Committee on Assessment of NASA's Earth Science Program found that the survey vision is being realized at a far slower pace than was recommended, principally because the required budget was not achieved. Exacerbating the budget shortfalls, NASA Earth science programs experienced launch failures and delays and the cost of implementing missions increased substantially as a result of changes in mission scope, increases in launch vehicle costs and/or the lack of availability of a medium-class launch vehicle, under-estimation of costs by the decadal survey, and unfunded programmatic changes that were required by Congress and the Office of Management and Budget. In addition, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has made significant reductions in scope to its future Earth environmental observing satellites as it contends with budget shortfalls. Earth Science and Applications from Space: A Midterm Assessment of NASA's Implementation of the Decadal Survey recommends a number of steps to better manage existing programs and to implement future programs that will be recommended by the next decadal survey. The report also highlights the urgent need for the Executive Branch to develop and implement an overarching multiagency national strategy for Earth observations from space, a key recommendation of the 2007 decadal survey that remains unfulfilled. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 The Decadal Survey Vision2 Assessing Progress Toward the Decadal Vision3 Challenges to Implementation of Decadal Survey Priorities4 Opportunities to Improve Alignment with Decadal Survey Priorities5 Looking Ahead: Beyond 20206 ConclusionsAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Programmatic Decision Strategies and Rules from the Earth Science and Applications from Space 2007 Decadal SurveyAppendix C: Applications of NASA's Earth Science ProgramAppendix D: NOAA Satellite ProgramsAppendix E: NASA's Responses to the 2007 Decadal Survey and Its April 2011 Status UpdateAppendix F: Committee and Staff Biographical InformationAppendix G: Acronyms and Abbreviations

DKK 292.00
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Sustainability Concepts in Decision-Making - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Sustainability Concepts in Decision-Making - Board On Environmental Studies And Toxicology - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In its current strategic plan, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) describes a cross-agency strategy to advance sustainable environmental outcomes and optimize economic and social outcomes through Agency decisions and actions. Sustainability has evolved from an aspiration to a growing body of practices. The evolution includes a transition from the development of broad goals toward the implementation of specific policies and programs for achieving them and the use of indicators and metrics for measuring progress. Without losing focus on implementing its existing regulatory mandates, EPA's incorporation of sustainability considerations into its decision-making about potential environmental, social, and economic outcomes involves shifting from a focus on specific pollutants in an environmental medium (air, water, or land) to a broader assessment of interactions among human, natural, and manufactured systems. EPA has indicated that it will need to consider the use of a variety of analytic tools and approaches to assess the potential sustainability-related effects of its decisions and actions in response to complex environmental challenges. Sustainability Concepts in Decision-Making: Tools and Approaches for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency examines scientific tools and approaches for incorporating sustainability concepts into assessments used to support EPA decision making. Using specific case studies, this report considers the application of analytic and scientific tools, methods, and approaches presented in the 2011 NRC report Sustainability and the U.S. EPA. This report examines both currently available and emerging tools, methods, and approaches to find those most appropriate for assessing and/or evaluating potential economic, social and environmental outcomes within an EPA decision context. Sustainability Concepts in Decision Making also discusses data needs and post-decision evaluation of outcomes on dimensions of sustainability. A broad array of sustainability tools and approaches are suitable for assessing potential environmental, social, and economic outcomes in EPA's decision-making context. The recommendations of this report will assist the agency to optimize environmental, social, and economic outcomes in EPA decisions. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Sustainability: From Ideas to Actions3 Tools and Methods to Support Decision-Making4 Case Studies of Applications of Sustainability Tools and Approaches5 Private-Sector and PrivatePublic Partnership Sustainability Initiatives: Applicability to Environmental Protection Agency Decision-Making6 Identifying and Addressing New Issues7 Applying Sustainability Tools and Methods to Strengthen Environmental Protection Agency Decision-MakingReferencesAppendix A--Statement of TaskAppendix B--Biographic Information on the Committee on Scientific Tools and Approaches for SustainabilityAppendix C--The Sustainability Assessment and Management ApproachAppendix D--Glossary of Sustainability Tools and ApproachesAppendix E--Application of General Evaluation Criteria

DKK 312.00
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Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In recent years, planetary science has seen a tremendous growth in new knowledge. Deposits of water ice exist at the Moon's poles. Discoveries on the surface of Mars point to an early warm wet climate, and perhaps conditions under which life could have emerged. Liquid methane rain falls on Saturn's moon Titan, creating rivers, lakes, and geologic landscapes with uncanny resemblances to Earth's. Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 surveys the current state of knowledge of the solar system and recommends a suite of planetary science flagship missions for the decade 2013-2022 that could provide a steady stream of important new discoveries about the solar system. Research priorities defined in the report were selected through a rigorous review that included input from five expert panels. NASA's highest priority large mission should be the Mars Astrobiology Explorer Cacher (MAX-C), a mission to Mars that could help determine whether the planet ever supported life and could also help answer questions about its geologic and climatic history. Other projects should include a mission to Jupiter's icy moon Europa and its subsurface ocean, and the Uranus Orbiter and Probe mission to investigate that planet's interior structure, atmosphere, and composition. For medium-size missions, Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 recommends that NASA select two new missions to be included in its New Frontiers program, which explores the solar system with frequent, mid-size spacecraft missions. If NASA cannot stay within budget for any of these proposed flagship projects, it should focus on smaller, less expensive missions first. Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 suggests that the National Science Foundation expand its funding for existing laboratories and establish new facilities as needed. It also recommends that the program enlist the participation of international partners. This report is a vital resource for government agencies supporting space science, the planetary science community, and the public. Table of ContentsFront MatterExecutive SummarySummary1 Introduction to Planetary Science2 National and International Programs in Planetary Science3 Priority Questions in Planetary Science for the Next Decade4 The Primitive Bodies: Building Blocks of the Solar System5 The Inner Planets: The Key to Understanding Earth-Like Worlds6 Mars: Evolution of an Earth-Like World7 The Giant Planets: Local Laboratories and Ground Truth for Planets Beyond8 Satellites: Active Worlds and Extreme Environments9 Recommended Flight Investigations: 2013-202210 Planetary Science Research and Infrastructure11 The Role of Technology Development in Planetary Exploration12 A Look to the FutureAppendixesAppendix A: Letter of Request and Statement of TaskAppendix B: List of Planetary Science Community White Papers ContributedAppendix C: Cost and Technical Evaluation of Priority MissionsAppendix D: Other Missions ConsideredAppendix E: Decadal Planning Wedge for NASA's Planetary Science DivisionAppendix F: Glossary, Abbreviations, and AcronymsAppendix G: Mission and Technology Study Reports

DKK 344.00
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